\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 3)<\/title>\n\n<style>\nbody{\n font-family:\"Amiri\",\"Scheherazade\",serif;\n background:#f5f7f8;\n color:#212121;\n margin:0;\n padding:0;\n line-height:1.95;\n font-size:22px\n}\n.page{\n max-width:980px;\n margin:40px auto;\n background:#fff;\n padding:32px 42px;\n border-radius:14px;\n border:1px solid #d0d7dd;\n box-shadow:0 3px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.05)\n}\nh1{\n text-align:center;\n color:#0a3d2e;\n font-size:32px;\n margin-bottom:0\n}\n.bismillah{\n text-align:center;\n margin:12px 0 10px;\n font-size:24px;\n color:#388e3c;\n font-weight:700\n}\n.author{\n text-align:center;\n font-size:18px;\n color:#555;\n margin-bottom:12px\n}\n.episode-title{\n margin:20px 0 26px;\n padding:18px 22px;\n background:#e3f2fd;\n border-right:6px solid #0d47a1;\n border-radius:12px;\n font-size:26px;\n font-weight:800;\n color:#0a3d2e;\n text-align:center\n}\n.intro{\n background:#e8f3e8;\n padding:20px;\n border-right:5px solid #388e3c;\n border-radius:12px;\n margin-bottom:28px\n}\n.path{\n margin-top:14px;\n padding:14px 16px;\n background:#f5fbff;\n border-right:4px solid #1565c0;\n border-radius:12px;\n font-size:20px;\n color:#0d47a1\n}\nh2{\n color:#0d47a1;\n margin-top:42px;\n border-right:6px solid #0d47a1;\n padding-right:14px;\n font-size:27px\n}\n.box{\n background:#f9fcff;\n border-right:5px solid #0d47a1;\n padding:20px 24px;\n border-radius:12px;\n margin:24px 0\n}\n.highlight{\n background:#fff8e1;\n border-right:6px solid #f9a825;\n padding:24px;\n border-radius:14px;\n margin:36px 0\n}\n.critical{\n background:#fff3f3;\n border-right:6px solid #c62828;\n padding:22px;\n border-radius:14px;\n margin:30px 0\n}\nblockquote{\n background:#f3f8ff;\n border-right:4px solid #0277bd;\n margin:16px 0;\n padding:16px 20px;\n border-radius:12px;\n font-size:22px;\n color:#0d47a1\n}\n.src{\n margin-top:14px;\n padding:12px 14px;\n background:#eef7ee;\n border-right:4px solid #2e7d32;\n border-radius:10px;\n font-size:18px;\n color:#2e7d32\n}\n.qa{\n background:#fffdf7;\n border-right:5px solid #d4a017;\n padding:16px 18px;\n border-radius:12px;\n margin:18px 0\n}\n.qa-q{\n font-weight:800;\n color:#a05a00;\n margin-bottom:6px\n}\n.conclusion{\n background:#f1f8ff;\n border-right:6px solid #1565c0;\n padding:22px;\n border-radius:14px;\n margin-top:40px\n}\n.share-box{\n margin:25px 0;\n padding:14px 16px;\n background:#f5fbff;\n border-radius:12px;\n border-right:4px solid #1565c0\n}\n.share-title{\n font-size:18px;\n margin-bottom:10px;\n color:#0d47a1;\n font-weight:700\n}\n.share-links a{\n display:inline-block;\n margin:4px 6px;\n padding:6px 10px;\n border-radius:20px;\n text-decoration:none;\n font-size:16px;\n color:#fff\n}\n.btn-fb{background:#1877f2}\n.btn-x{background:#000}\n.btn-wa{background:#25d366}\n.btn-tg{background:#0088cc}\n@media(max-width:768px){\n body{font-size:19px}\n h1{font-size:28px}\n h2{font-size:22px}\n .episode-title{font-size:21px}\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n\n<body>\n<div class=\"page\">\n\n<h1>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629\u061f<\/h1>\n<div class=\"bismillah\">\u0628\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0652\u0645\u0670\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0645<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"author\">\n\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: <strong>\u0645. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/strong> \u2013 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"episode-title\">\n\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (3): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"share-box\">\n <div class=\"share-title\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a:<\/div>\n <div class=\"share-links\">\n <a class=\"btn-fb\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/hvordan-beder-vi3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643<\/a>\n <a class=\"btn-x\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/hvordan-beder-vi3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">X<\/a>\n <a class=\"btn-wa\" href=\"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/hvordan-beder-vi3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/a>\n <a class=\"btn-tg\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/share\/url?url=https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/hvordan-beder-vi3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u062a\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645<\/a>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"intro\">\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629: \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/strong>.\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u064d-\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a:\n<strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"src\">\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636:\nYasin Dutton, \u201c\u02bfAmal v \u1e24ad\u012bth in Islamic Law: The Case of Sadl al-Yadayn\u201d (1996).\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"path\">\n\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 (\u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0646\u0627): <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2190 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u2190 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"critical\">\n<p>\n<strong>\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a (\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637):<\/strong>\n\u0633\u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645<\/strong> \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629).\n\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646:\n(1) <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c\n\u0648(2) <strong>\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629.\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"src\">\n\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a:\nFred M. Donner, \u201cQur\u2019\u0101nicization of Religio-Political Discourse in the Umayyad Period\u201d (2011).\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>1) \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u201c\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u201d \u062d\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0642:\n<strong>\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u201c\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c\n\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f\u064c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064c \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u061f\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\n\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a:\nDonner (2011).\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>2) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649\n<strong>\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.\n\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nDonner (2011)\u061b\nG. R. Hawting, <em>The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate<\/em>.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2> \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n<div class=\"highlight\">\n<p>\n\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u201c\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u201d\u060c\n\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u201d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629.\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c\n\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0651\/\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong> \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a.\n\u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u060c\n\u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0641 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641) \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u201d\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\n\n<div class=\"highlight\">\n <h2 style=\"margin-top:0\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629\u00bb<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"box\" style=\"margin:18px 0;background:#ffffff;border-right:5px solid #0d47a1\">\n <p><strong>\ud83d\udd39 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><br>\n \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a).\n <\/p>\n\n <p style=\"margin-top:14px\"><strong>\ud83d\udd39 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><br>\n \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627:\n <\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin:10px 0 0; padding-right:26px\">\n <li>\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c<\/li>\n <li>\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c<\/li>\n <li>\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c<\/li>\n <li>\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p style=\"margin-top:14px\">\n <strong>\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631:<\/strong><br>\n <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629 =<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3 style=\"color:#0d47a1;margin:22px 0 10px\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n <div class=\"box\" style=\"margin:14px 0\">\n <p>\n \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u201c\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a\u201d \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u062d\u0627\u0634\u0627)\u060c\n \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0628\u064a\u062a\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u201d.\n <\/p>\n\n <p style=\"margin:14px 0 8px\"><strong>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629):<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin:0; padding-right:26px\">\n <li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n <li>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n <li>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641.<\/li>\n <li>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p style=\"margin:16px 0 8px\"><strong>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 (\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629):<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin:0; padding-right:26px\">\n <li>\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n <li>\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n <li>\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645.<\/li>\n <li>\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u201c\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u201d \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p style=\"margin-top:14px\">\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: <strong>\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c\n \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\n \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3 style=\"color:#0d47a1;margin:22px 0 10px\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/h3>\n <div class=\"box\" style=\"margin:14px 0\">\n <p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646:\n <\/p>\n <p style=\"margin:10px 0\">\n <strong>\ud83d\udd39<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a<br>\n <strong>\u0648<\/strong><br>\n <strong>\ud83d\udd39<\/strong> \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\n <\/p>\n <p style=\"margin-top:12px\">\n <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 <strong>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"src\">\n \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c\n \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u201d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:\n<ul>\n <li>Fred M. Donner (2011) \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n <li>G. R. Hawting, <em>The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate<\/em>.<\/li>\n <li>Khalil \u2018Athamina (1992) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a (\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a).<\/li>\n <li>Ismail Albayrak, \u201cRe-evaluating the Notion of Isr\u0101\u2019\u012bliyy\u0101t\u201d (PDF) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647.<\/li>\n <li>Brill (2020), \u201cWhat Does It Mean to Be an Official Madhhab?\u201d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>3) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u201d \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u201d \u0648\u201c\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u201d\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c\n\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u064f\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 <strong>\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/strong> \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\/\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621.\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629:\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong>.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nKhalil \u2018Athamina (1992), \u201cAl-Qasas\u2026\u201d (JSTOR)\u061b\n\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u201d \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>4) \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u201d \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629):<\/strong>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u201c\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u201d \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 (\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637).\n\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064d\u201d \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c\n\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\n\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: Donner (2011) \u0643\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u061b\n\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u201d \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>5) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c\n\u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0641 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0632.\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u201c\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nIsmail Albayrak (PDF)\u061b\n\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u201d<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u201c\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c\n\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nBrill (2020): \u201cWhat Does It Mean to Be an Official Madhhab?\u201d (\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u061b\n\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (4)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"conclusion\">\n<p>\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644:\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628\u201d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.\n\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u201c\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u201d \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 (\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629\/\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629)\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u064b\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nDonner (2011) + Hawting\u061b\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631: Dutton (1996).\n<\/div>\n\n<p>\n\ud83d\udd1c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (4): \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u201d \u0648\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u201d\u061f<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 3) \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629\u061f \u0628\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0652\u0645\u0670\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u2013 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (3): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a:…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1410,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,13,5],"tags":[48,36,43,38,46],"class_list":["post-1436","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-adaya-wa-zyarat","category-38aed","category-articles-and-studies","tag-48","tag-3kaed","tag-43","tag-38","tag-46"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1436","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1436"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1436\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1450,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1436\/revisions\/1450"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1410"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1436"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":1436,"date":"2026-01-16T13:47:58","date_gmt":"2026-01-16T13:47:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/?p=1436"},"modified":"2026-02-21T16:06:13","modified_gmt":"2026-02-21T16:06:13","slug":"hvordan-beder-vi3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/hvordan-beder-vi3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (3): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 3)<\/title>\n\n<style>\nbody{\n font-family:\"Amiri\",\"Scheherazade\",serif;\n background:#f5f7f8;\n color:#212121;\n margin:0;\n padding:0;\n line-height:1.95;\n font-size:22px\n}\n.page{\n max-width:980px;\n margin:40px auto;\n background:#fff;\n padding:32px 42px;\n border-radius:14px;\n border:1px solid #d0d7dd;\n box-shadow:0 3px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.05)\n}\nh1{\n text-align:center;\n color:#0a3d2e;\n font-size:32px;\n margin-bottom:0\n}\n.bismillah{\n text-align:center;\n margin:12px 0 10px;\n font-size:24px;\n color:#388e3c;\n font-weight:700\n}\n.author{\n text-align:center;\n font-size:18px;\n color:#555;\n margin-bottom:12px\n}\n.episode-title{\n margin:20px 0 26px;\n padding:18px 22px;\n background:#e3f2fd;\n border-right:6px solid #0d47a1;\n border-radius:12px;\n font-size:26px;\n font-weight:800;\n color:#0a3d2e;\n text-align:center\n}\n.intro{\n background:#e8f3e8;\n padding:20px;\n border-right:5px solid #388e3c;\n border-radius:12px;\n margin-bottom:28px\n}\n.path{\n margin-top:14px;\n padding:14px 16px;\n background:#f5fbff;\n border-right:4px solid #1565c0;\n border-radius:12px;\n font-size:20px;\n color:#0d47a1\n}\nh2{\n color:#0d47a1;\n margin-top:42px;\n border-right:6px solid #0d47a1;\n padding-right:14px;\n font-size:27px\n}\n.box{\n background:#f9fcff;\n border-right:5px solid #0d47a1;\n padding:20px 24px;\n border-radius:12px;\n margin:24px 0\n}\n.highlight{\n background:#fff8e1;\n border-right:6px solid #f9a825;\n padding:24px;\n border-radius:14px;\n margin:36px 0\n}\n.critical{\n background:#fff3f3;\n border-right:6px solid #c62828;\n padding:22px;\n border-radius:14px;\n margin:30px 0\n}\nblockquote{\n background:#f3f8ff;\n border-right:4px solid #0277bd;\n margin:16px 0;\n padding:16px 20px;\n border-radius:12px;\n font-size:22px;\n color:#0d47a1\n}\n.src{\n margin-top:14px;\n padding:12px 14px;\n background:#eef7ee;\n border-right:4px solid #2e7d32;\n border-radius:10px;\n font-size:18px;\n color:#2e7d32\n}\n.qa{\n background:#fffdf7;\n border-right:5px solid #d4a017;\n padding:16px 18px;\n border-radius:12px;\n margin:18px 0\n}\n.qa-q{\n font-weight:800;\n color:#a05a00;\n margin-bottom:6px\n}\n.conclusion{\n background:#f1f8ff;\n border-right:6px solid #1565c0;\n padding:22px;\n border-radius:14px;\n margin-top:40px\n}\n.share-box{\n margin:25px 0;\n padding:14px 16px;\n background:#f5fbff;\n border-radius:12px;\n border-right:4px solid #1565c0\n}\n.share-title{\n font-size:18px;\n margin-bottom:10px;\n color:#0d47a1;\n font-weight:700\n}\n.share-links a{\n display:inline-block;\n margin:4px 6px;\n padding:6px 10px;\n border-radius:20px;\n text-decoration:none;\n font-size:16px;\n color:#fff\n}\n.btn-fb{background:#1877f2}\n.btn-x{background:#000}\n.btn-wa{background:#25d366}\n.btn-tg{background:#0088cc}\n@media(max-width:768px){\n body{font-size:19px}\n h1{font-size:28px}\n h2{font-size:22px}\n .episode-title{font-size:21px}\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n\n<body>\n<div class=\"page\">\n\n<h1>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629\u061f<\/h1>\n<div class=\"bismillah\">\u0628\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0652\u0645\u0670\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0645<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"author\">\n\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: <strong>\u0645. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/strong> \u2013 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"episode-title\">\n\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (3): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"share-box\">\n <div class=\"share-title\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a:<\/div>\n <div class=\"share-links\">\n <a class=\"btn-fb\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/hvordan-beder-vi3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643<\/a>\n <a class=\"btn-x\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/hvordan-beder-vi3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">X<\/a>\n <a class=\"btn-wa\" href=\"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/hvordan-beder-vi3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/a>\n <a class=\"btn-tg\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/share\/url?url=https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/hvordan-beder-vi3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u062a\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645<\/a>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"intro\">\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629: \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/strong>.\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u064d-\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a:\n<strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"src\">\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636:\nYasin Dutton, \u201c\u02bfAmal v \u1e24ad\u012bth in Islamic Law: The Case of Sadl al-Yadayn\u201d (1996).\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"path\">\n\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 (\u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0646\u0627): <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u2190 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2190 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u2190 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"critical\">\n<p>\n<strong>\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a (\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637):<\/strong>\n\u0633\u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645<\/strong> \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629).\n\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646:\n(1) <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c\n\u0648(2) <strong>\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629.\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"src\">\n\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a:\nFred M. Donner, \u201cQur\u2019\u0101nicization of Religio-Political Discourse in the Umayyad Period\u201d (2011).\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>1) \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u201c\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u201d \u062d\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0642:\n<strong>\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u201c\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c\n\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f\u064c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064c \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u061f\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\n\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a:\nDonner (2011).\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>2) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649\n<strong>\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.\n\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nDonner (2011)\u061b\nG. R. Hawting, <em>The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate<\/em>.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2> \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n<div class=\"highlight\">\n<p>\n\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u201c\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u201d\u060c\n\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u201d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629.\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c\n\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0651\/\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong> \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a.\n\u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u060c\n\u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0641 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641) \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u201d\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\n\n<div class=\"highlight\">\n <h2 style=\"margin-top:0\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629\u00bb<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"box\" style=\"margin:18px 0;background:#ffffff;border-right:5px solid #0d47a1\">\n <p><strong>\ud83d\udd39 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><br>\n \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 (\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a).\n <\/p>\n\n <p style=\"margin-top:14px\"><strong>\ud83d\udd39 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><br>\n \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627:\n <\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin:10px 0 0; padding-right:26px\">\n <li>\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c<\/li>\n <li>\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c<\/li>\n <li>\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c<\/li>\n <li>\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p style=\"margin-top:14px\">\n <strong>\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631:<\/strong><br>\n <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629 =<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3 style=\"color:#0d47a1;margin:22px 0 10px\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n <div class=\"box\" style=\"margin:14px 0\">\n <p>\n \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u201c\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a\u201d \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u062d\u0627\u0634\u0627)\u060c\n \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0628\u064a\u062a\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u201d.\n <\/p>\n\n <p style=\"margin:14px 0 8px\"><strong>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629):<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin:0; padding-right:26px\">\n <li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n <li>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n <li>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641.<\/li>\n <li>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p style=\"margin:16px 0 8px\"><strong>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 (\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629):<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin:0; padding-right:26px\">\n <li>\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n <li>\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n <li>\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645.<\/li>\n <li>\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u201c\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u201d \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p style=\"margin-top:14px\">\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: <strong>\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c\n \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\n \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3 style=\"color:#0d47a1;margin:22px 0 10px\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/h3>\n <div class=\"box\" style=\"margin:14px 0\">\n <p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646:\n <\/p>\n <p style=\"margin:10px 0\">\n <strong>\ud83d\udd39<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a<br>\n <strong>\u0648<\/strong><br>\n <strong>\ud83d\udd39<\/strong> \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\n <\/p>\n <p style=\"margin-top:12px\">\n <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 <strong>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"src\">\n \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c\n \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u201d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:\n<ul>\n <li>Fred M. Donner (2011) \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n <li>G. R. Hawting, <em>The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate<\/em>.<\/li>\n <li>Khalil \u2018Athamina (1992) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a (\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a).<\/li>\n <li>Ismail Albayrak, \u201cRe-evaluating the Notion of Isr\u0101\u2019\u012bliyy\u0101t\u201d (PDF) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647.<\/li>\n <li>Brill (2020), \u201cWhat Does It Mean to Be an Official Madhhab?\u201d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>3) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u201d \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u201d \u0648\u201c\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u201d\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c\n\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u064f\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 <strong>\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/strong> \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\/\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621.\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629:\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong>.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nKhalil \u2018Athamina (1992), \u201cAl-Qasas\u2026\u201d (JSTOR)\u061b\n\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u201d \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>4) \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u201d \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629):<\/strong>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u201c\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u201d \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 (\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637).\n\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064d\u201d \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c\n\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\n\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: Donner (2011) \u0643\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u061b\n\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u201d \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>5) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c\n\u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0641 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0632.\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u201c\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nIsmail Albayrak (PDF)\u061b\n\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>6) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u201d<\/h2>\n<div class=\"box\">\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u201c\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c\n\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nBrill (2020): \u201cWhat Does It Mean to Be an Official Madhhab?\u201d (\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u061b\n\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (4)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"conclusion\">\n<p>\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644:\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628\u201d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.\n\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u201c\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u201d \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 (\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629\/\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629)\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u064b\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"src\">\nDonner (2011) + Hawting\u061b\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631: Dutton (1996).\n<\/div>\n\n<p>\n\ud83d\udd1c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (4): \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u201d \u0648\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u201d\u061f<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 3) \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0629\u061f \u0628\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0652\u0645\u0670\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645. \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u2013 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (3): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u061f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a:…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1410,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,13,5],"tags":[48,36,43,38,46],"class_list":["post-1436","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-adaya-wa-zyarat","category-38aed","category-articles-and-studies","tag-48","tag-3kaed","tag-43","tag-38","tag-46"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1436","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1436"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1436\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1450,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1436\/revisions\/1450"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1410"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1436"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almustafa.dk\/313\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}